Living on Campus or Living Off Campus

Living on campus Living on campus Living off campus Living off campus VS. VS. Live on campus or live off campus Recently, one of the most popular issues that students are talking about is where to live in the next academic year. Some students believe that live on campus is a better choice because living in resident halls on campus is convenient and safe. Some other students think that live off campus is better, because it will have fewer restrictions and a better accommodation. Each choice has its own advantages and disadvantages. That’s why I was struggling for this issue for a long time.After careful consideration, I believe that live on campus is a better choice and I have a lot of reasons to support it. First of all, live on campus is safer. Living on campus will dramatically reduce the potential possibilities of accidents on the roads like car accident, robbery and sexual assault. There is a famous murder case, which generated international attention earlier this year. Wu and Qu, two 23-year-old electrical engineering graduate students of University of Southern California who come from China, were shot when they were driving home in a BMW sedan from the library around 1 a. m. on April 11. (nbclosangeles. om) The criminal’s motive of murder is robbery. Just because they lived off campus and had to drive back home, the two young lives stops suddenly in the most beautiful period of their life and left endless sadness to their friends and families. According to a survey from Trinity College, 60. 2% of students indicated that they felt safe on campus and 28. 4% felt unsafe. (Grace Kim). There is another accident just happened around us. A friend of my parents lost his son in a car accident in America. He was a student of Indiana University and at one day he drove home, his car crashed into a big tree and caused a fire.He was burned to death in the car. Safety is always the most important thing for college students, especially for international stu dents, since their parents are thousands miles away and worries about them all the time. Because of safety, living on campus is better choice than living off campus. Besides the reason of safety, resident halls also create a perfect environment to live and study. Taking the example of Michigan State University First, the resident halls supply various kinds of services, which are all very useful and necessary.When you have any troubles and questions, you can go to the front desk to ask for help; When people are ill, they can go to the health center, the nurses and doctors there will give people prescriptions and suggestions for health in time; When you miss lunches or even hungry at midnight, small cafeterias, like the Sparty’s will offer warm food, drink and snacks for you. The staffs in resident halls are always friendly and patient, which make us feel warm. Second, there are a lot of resources in resident halls. Since I don’t know them very well, I interviewed the re sident assistant in our floor.Her name is Doneisha Parker and she is a sophomore in accounting major. She briefly introduced the 23 resources of resident halls on campus and focused on 3 most useful ones. Math Learning center (MLC), which can give you math tuition on every Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday. Writing center, which can give you suggestions for the papers you are working on by appointment. Yoga and Zumba classes three times a week are good for your health and beauty. All of these resources are very helpful and they are free. Third, people can have their individual place for rest and study between classes.In college study, there is always a large amount of time between classes. People live on campus can go back to their dorms for rest, study, or entertainment. People live off campus, however, have to stay in libraries or some other places during these breaks. According to a study, which investigated the relationship of loneliness, social support, and living arrangements with academic persistence decisions of 401 college freshmen, freshmen living on campus had higher GPAs (M= 2. 85, SD = . 73) than those living off campus (M = 2. 59, SD = . 2)(Nicpon 345-358) Another reason that makes me believe that live on campus is a better choice than live off campus is that we can meet more people and have more friends. There are so many chances to meet new friends if you live on campus. First of all, you will know the people live on the same floor with you since you meet with each other everyday. Also, you will know a lot of people from the activities and clubs in resident halls if you participate in actively. For example, the Hubbard hall in Michigan State University has an international Club.This club organizes activities and meetings every week and creates a perfect environment for communication between students from different countries. What’s more, having meals in cafeteria, studying in public area are also the chances to meet people and make new frien ds. If living off campus, however, most of these will be impossible. Because of the safety, the great environment and more chances to make friend, I prefer to live on campus when I become a sophomore. I hope that I can have a great time on campus. Works Cited Grace Kim, Safety and Education at Trinity College, 20 December 2004Nicpon, Megan Foley, et al. â€Å"The relationship of loneliness and social support with college freshmen’s academic performance and persistence. † Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory and Practice 8. 3 (2006): 345-358 Doneisha Parker, Personal Interview, 22 October 2012 Nbclosanglas. com: Police: Forensic Evidence Tied USC Murder Suspects to Earlier Crimes, by Melissa Pamer and Samantha Tata, May 19, 2012 http://www. nbclosangeles. com/news/local/Police-Forensic-Evidence-Tied-USC-Murder-Suspects-to-Earlier-Crimes-152147955. html

The Effects of Junk Food on Health

The Effects of Junk Food on Health Junk foods are deemed to be trash foods as they are high in fat, sodium  and sugar. The apparent effect of junk food can lead to obesity and a range of attendant health problems, including diabetes, heart disease and arthritis. Majority of junk food choices do not deliver beneficial nutritional values. Here are the facts about  how excessive junk food consumption affects your body. First of all, junk food doesn't contain the nutrients your body needs to stay healthy. As a result, you may feel chronically fatigued and lack the energy you need to complete daily tasks.The high levels of sugar in junk food puts your metabolism under stress; when you eat refined sugar, your pancreas secretes high amounts of insulin to prevent a dangerous spike in blood sugar levels. Also, you can be less focused with anything you undertake at work and home because what you are acquiring from junk foods are mere fats, not healthy ingredients. Also, you will experience lack of important oxygen that eventually result to poor brain functioning. In fact, junk food will cause our body lacking of energy and less concentration and focus when doing work. Next, junk food contributes obesity.Junk food contains large amounts of fat, and as fat accumulates in your body, you'll gain weight and could become obese. The more weight you gain, the more you'll be at risk for serious chronic illnesses such as diabetes, heart disease and arthritis. The high levels of fat and sodium in junk food can cause high blood pressure or hypertension. You'll feel tired and have trouble concentrating because your body might not be getting enough oxygen. Hence, fat will lead to weight gain and obese sickness, furthermore, high risk in suffering critical illness such as heart disease.Moreover, junk food can lead to diabetes. This happens because eating too much sugar puts your metabolism under stress, your body has to pump up insulin production to prevent a dangerous spike in blo od sugar levels. Because junk food doesn't contain the protein or complex carbohydrates that your body needs to maintain consistent blood sugar levels, your blood sugar levels will drop suddenly soon after eating. You'll crave sugar and likely end up eating more junk food. Over time, this stress damages your body's ability to use the insulin secreted by your pancrease.A healthy diet can help maintain your body's insulin sensitivity. As can be seen, over amount of sugar will cause pancrease problem and diabetes which will affect the ability of controlling sugar level. In conclusion, junk food caused diabetes, obesity and lack of nutrients for a healthy body. We must be disciplined in indulging in these types of food because they are initially unhealthy to have. Too much of anything sweet or salty is health threatening, to prevent it, we can pick fruits and high-fiber food for good snacks and meals.

Progress Report Essay

In this Assignment you will proofread the Progress Report listed below. Next, you will identify the 10 mistakes that are listed in the report. The mistakes could be misspellings, incorrect abbreviations, or misuse of a medical term. Please list them in the chart below under the heading â€Å"Medical Terminology Error.† After you have listed the errors, you will need to identify the correct term or abbreviation. Please list them in the chart below under the heading â€Å"Correct Term.† At the end of the project be sure to list all applicable references and cite them in APA format. Main Street Hospital and Medical Center 6000 North Tree Street – Branch, Pennsylvania 12345 – (555) 123-4567 ————————————————————————————————————————————————– PATIENT NAME: Susan SunshineMEDICAL RECORD:5555555 DATE OF DEATH:04/04/1954DATE OF ADMISSION:07/31/2013 PROGRESS NOTE CHIEF COMPLAINT: Severe lower abdominal pain and the inability to void for the past 12 hours. PRESENT ILLNESS: Sam Samuel is a 75-year-old Asian-American man who came into the emergency department at 3 am stating that he was in great pain and could not urinate. He had not been seen by a physician for several years but claimed to be in good health except for â€Å"a little high blood pressure.† The patient reports urinary frequency, noicturia x2, hesitancy, intermittency, disuria, and diminished force and caliber of the bladder system. In addition, he complained of intermittent pain in the right posterior lumbar area, radiating to the right flank. He also has post-void dribbling and the sensation of not having completely emptied the bladder. Earlier today, he had hematuria at the end of urination and several bouts of N&D. MEDICATION ALLERGIES: None CURRENT MEDICATIONS: Benadryl 25 mg. dailys, at bedtime. PHYSICAL EXAM: Temperature 98.6 ® F. Blood pressure 140/90. Pulse 98. Respirations 24. Palpation of the abdomen shows a suprapubic mass approximately three fingerbreadths below the umbilicus, dull to percussion, and slightly tender. IMPRESSION: Renal Pelvis distention caused by urinary outlet obstruction, probably from benign prostatic hyperplasia. PLAN: Indwelling Foley catheter for relief of urinary obstruction. Imaging to include a CAT scan, kidney ultrasound and IVR. Urinary consult. Labs to include white blood count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, blood urea nitrogen (BUA) and urinalnysis.

Publius Virgilius Maro Essay

Aside from Christianity there is no other force that shaped Western civilization other than the Greco-Roman culture. And there is no better representation of that period in history other than Rome and Publius Viirgilius Maro, also known as Virgil. A closer examination of Virgil and his works made many to realize that Virgil was a byproduct of events and it is the twin forces of the Roman Empire and Greek history that prompted Virgil to write. This paper will look into the two factors that influenced the writing of Publius Virgilius Maro. This can be done by looking first at the events that transpired before Virgil began writing and this means tracing back Greek and Roman history. The second way of knowing the connection between history and Virgil’s writings is to dig into his works and of course this means analyzing the Aeneid. It will be shown later that it is Roman history and Homer that shaped Virgil to become the writer that he was destined to be. Rome After more than two thousand years the world is still mesmerized by Rome. It is because of its legacy, it military prowess, and form of government. Rome was without equal when it comes to how it help shape Western history. Yet in the early days of Roman history there is not much to see. There is nothing that could make an outsider ascertain its potential to be a dominant ruler of known world in antiquity. Ting Morris traced its early development in obscurity and he remarked, â€Å"Rome began around 2,800 years ago as a few small settlements on wooded hills overlooking the Tiber River† (4). But then Rome began to distance itself from the Latin communities from which it was supposed to be a part of. What happens next began a series of development that will catapult this small community into the world map, â€Å"†¦the roman Republic conquered first Latium, then all of Italy. The Romans annexed much foreign territory to their own state, but they also established a system of alliances with all other states. This gave the Romans a vast reserve of manpower that allowed them to overthrow every major power in the Mediterranean†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Mackay, 40). A new age has come and a new military superpower was born. But when the Romans began to assimilate remnants of Alexander’s Empire, the new European power came face to face with an ancient civilization whose insight into religion, politics, and philosophy was far ahead of its time. In short the Romans, â€Å"†¦ recognized something in Greek culture that was more impressive than anything Rome itself achieved, in spite of Rome’s unprecedented military success† (Cox). At this point Rome was all brute force. Yes the soldiers led by the Caesars were brave, strong and are very eager to make their mark in the battlefield but when it comes to culture, the Romans were barbarians compared to the Greeks. The Romans discovered an effective methodology in fighting wars and they even had the distinct advantage of knowing how to build an empire out of disparate tribes and nations. They were experts in campaigns that require traveling far from home and yet they lack one more thing. They did not have a good system that can be put in place after victory. This is similar to the idea that it is easy to start a war but the more difficult thing to do is how to end it. So when Rome began to feel the success of empire building the more that they felt the need for a way of life that will enhance their reputation in Europe while at the same time offer them an opportunity to enjoy life more. They found the answer from the sophisticated Greeks. Virgil The Romans had to learn from the Greeks and their history can be characterized not only by empire building but also by the why they incorporated Greek thought and the Greek’s way of life into their own unique system. Now there is none better who understood the need for assimilating Greek culture than the Roman intellectuals of that time. In fact, â€Å"Among the adaptors of Greek culture, none was more brilliant †¦ than the poet Virgil. He faced a formidable challenge. Everyone who encountered Greek culture recognized how much it was shaped by Homer† (Cox). This means that there is a great need to surpass Homer and if this is not possible then at least equal Homer’s genius. If this can be achieved then the Romans had done something which other Greek imitators failed to do and that is to provide a great explanation for their existence. A myth has to be created, a legend has to be made and the purpose for such an endeavor is obvious. There is a need for something that will hold the empire together. At the time of writing the Aeneid, Rome was again in the cusp of revolution. Julius Caesar was defeated by Augustus Caesar and so steps must be made to consolidate his power and to strengthen the arm of the new emperor. For a brilliant man like Virgil, times like this one is an opportunity that must be grabbed by both hands. Virgil proceeded to hit two birds with one stone. First he would write an epic that will explain the origins of Rome. He will do so by using stories that are already familiar among the people that he wants to see united under Augustus Caesar and during that time there was no other story quite like the one weaved by Homer centuries before. Virgil saw that epic struggle for good and evil; battles between heroes; and the self-sacrificial behavior of some heroes simply because they believe in something higher than themselves proved to be a formula hard to resist. Virgil was ready to accept the challenge. But it is clear from the beginning that it would not be an easy task. Aside from that Homer is a world unto itself. And as they say there is no way one can improve on perfection, the Iliad and the Odyssey are the blueprints for creating great epics and so what else can be done to make it better. Virgil was able to solve this problem by being inventive and by starting where Homer ended his story. When Troy fell, one of her sons went on to build another kingdom. But then again Virgil cannot escape the past. Virgil could not resist using a successful formula. As they say there is no need to fix what was broken. Judging from the power of the Iliad and the Odyssey to move people it is almost impossible not to use the same method and technique of telling a great story. And so Virgil copied many ideas from Homer. In the introduction to the Aeneid Levi Robert pointed out that: Virgil borrowed from Homer a great many items: his verse form, the division into twelve books, mythology, many episodes and similes. In the Aeneid Venus doubles for Nausicaa, Dido for Calypso and Circe, and Drances for Thersites. The funeral games the desecent into Hades, where Aeneas meets Dido as Odysseus met Ajax, the prophecy of Anchises, the catalogue of ships, Turnus attempt to burn them, a broken truce †¦ a quarrel of two Italian leaders †¦ and a final single combat (Robert, xiii). Aeneid The Aeneid is basically the story of Aeneas, the god-like leader of a band of Trojan refugees fleeing to Italy after the fall of Troy. In the beginning, Aeneas built a fleet with the goal in mind of settling in a foreign land and to finally establish a new nation of Trojans. In Virgil’s mind, he wanted the world to understand the basis for the establishment of the Roman Empire. And there is nothing as perfect as that. Hornstein, Percy and Brown’s book, The Reader’s Companion to World Literature, was very helpful in understanding the context from which Virgil’s Aeneid was written, and they said that it was written at a time of conflict. Italy was ravaged by more than fifty years of revolution and civil war. When the long-sought peace came, a new form of government was fashioned from a battle weary nation. And with the new set-up, ultimate power was in the hands of one man- Augustus Caesar. It was during this time that the Roman Virgil began working on the Aeneid. Hornstein, Brown and Percy wrote: Vergil began the poem in 29 B. C. , two years after the battle of Actium brought this period of civil war to an end. He had long been preparing for the task. His purpose was national: he desired to glorify the Roman people by his theme and exalt the Emperor in the person of his hero. (5) Homer Putnam acknowledge that Virgil is under the towering shadow of Homer when he made this judgment, â€Å"Homer himself, against whose essential insights into humanity, Virgil’s own achievement will always be measured. † Homer’s success allowed him to set the standard upon which others who will come after him will be forced to measure up. Allen Mandelbaum tells of how his previous study prevented him from fully appreciating Virgil’s works and he said, â€Å"One was a tag line of mark Van Doren that echoed through my youth with tenacious resonance: ‘Homer is a world; Virgil, a style’. † It also did not help that the critics saw Virgil as copying Homer, Gaskell said, â€Å"The overall plan of Virgil’s epic was plainly Homeric, with its main elements reversed: now the odyssey of the man comes first and the armed fighting follows it: but the Homeric parallels are many and obvious. † (161). The only major difference was that Homer was illiterate and therefore had to express the beauty of his poetry in oral reform. On the other hand Virgil was literate and he could study Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey in written form as well as compose his own epic and was able to write it down. This explains the difference in style but all the more strengthens the view that Virgil was strongly influenced by Homer. Conclusion Now the pieces of the puzzle begin to fall down into its proper places and one can now see the bigger picture. It was mentioned earlier that it was in 168 BC when the Romans began to conquer the remnants of Alexander’s Empire and it is through the conquest of former Greek states that the Romans saw first hand the beauty that was Greece. In short the highly militaristic Romans lacked the cultural refinements that one can find in abundance in Greek societies. It is through the process of incorporating Greek culture into the Roman’s way of life that they rediscovered the power of Homeric poetry. It took the genius of Virgil to use Homer’s works and use it as the foundation for his own epic. And so in 29 BC Virgil began writing the Aeneid with the purpose of emulating what Homer has achieved in Greece. Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey provided a sense of identity for all Greeks and Virgil was hoping to achieve the same results. But the desire to incorporate Greek life into Roman life is easier said than done. But everyone who will try to copy from someone begins by copying almost everything that one can see and the eye can appreciate. For instance the Romans copied the design of their temples and they also described their gods using the same attributes found in Greek society. But there is no need to worry because the Roman changed the Greek sounding names of their gods into Roman names for their statues. Virgil attempted to accomplish two major things when he wrote the Aeneid. He wanted to impress the new emperor (Augustus Caesar) and secondly he wanted to have a unique Roman epic that will help unite the people. Virgil was successful in achieving both. The hero of the Aeneid was behaving in much the same way as Augustus Caesar especially with regards to his conquest and the subsequent creation of a new nation out of that sheer determination to succeed. Now for the second part, Virgil was also able to create an epic that can be comparable to Homer. It is true that he copied many things from Homer and yet at the same time his stories were never simply a rehash of what Homer did. Virgil simply needed an inspiration to get going and he found it in the character of Aeneas whom Homer briefly mentioned in his work. From this little known character, Aeneid began to build a story that made the peoples pulse to race. It was indeed an epic story of battles, of struggle between good and evil, of heroes who most of the time failed to achieve their potential and sometimes die a tragic death. The Aeneid is basically an explanation as to the existence of Rome. For many there is a need to have that kind of idea, that kind of emotional anchor in times of trouble. And there is no way to fully understand the impact of Aeneid towards the people of Rome. But one thing is sure Virgil’s work was able to unite the whole of the empire and is instrumental as to why the empire endured for so long. It is now very clear that that Virgil was influenced by historical events and the circumstances that surrounded his life. If there were two streams where these influences came from then Homer is a mighty source of inspiration while the politics and warfare in ancient Rome provided Virgil with more materials to use. In Rome’s struggle to carve out a nation in Europe was evident in Aeneid where the hero had to travel and faced with numerous risks just so he can establish a new nation. It was Homer who provided much influence for Virgil. If Homer did not produce the Iliad and Odyssey it is hard to imagine Virgil able to make his own. This is not to take away anything form the accomplishments of Virgil but it would be almost impossible for him to write beautifully without Homer as guide. Homer did not only provide the seed from which Virgil will grow a powerful story, Homer also provided the correct format. And so putting it all together it is now very clear that Virgil was a byproduct of the events that surrounded him. Yet even before he was born, Homer’s influence and genius was already felt in many parts of the Western world. When Virgil was still very young it is easy to imagine that he was already familiar with the Iliad and Odyssey and no doubt the stories found in those epics help to shape the way he thinks. Works Cited Appelbaum, Stanley. Ed. â€Å"The Aeneid by Vergil† Trans. Charles J. Billson. Canada: Dover Publications, 1995. Cox, John. Introduction to Virgil, The Aeneid. 2008. General Education at Hope College. 03 April 2008. < http://www. hope. edu/academic/ids/171/Aeneid. html Gaskell, Philip. Ed. â€Å"Landmarks in Classical Literature† Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1999. Hemminger, Bill. Exploring Ancient World Cultures: Rome. 1997. EAWC at University of Evansville. 02 April 2008. < http://eawc. evansville. edu/ropage. htm> Hornstein, L. H. , G. D. Percy, and Calvin S. Brown. Eds. â€Å"The Reader’s Companion to World Literature† New York: Penguin Putnam, Inc. , 1973. Knight, G. R. Wilson. Trans. â€Å"The Aeneid by Virgil† New York: Penguin Putnam, Inc. , 1956. Mackay, Christopher. â€Å"Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History. † New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Mandelbaum, Allen. Trans. â€Å"The Aeneid by Virgil† California: University of California Press, 1971. Morford, Mark P. O. and Robert J. Lenardon. â€Å"Classical Mythology† 7th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Morris, Ting. â€Å"Ancient Rome. † MN: Smart Apple Media, 2007.

Two World Wars A Journey of Borden’s Fiction

Introduction The topic of Word War I literature and World War II literature is one that is extensively covered and researched by contemporary critics and scholars. However, the focus tends to be on literature of either one or the other war and not typically on any links between the two. The research that exists is largely centred on either gender or class in the literature, not about how a particular gender writes about a specific class. Therefore, a dissertation on Mary Borden’s focus on aristocracy in the two world wars will help fill a gap in research on war literature.1.1 Research ObjectiveMary Borden lived through and wrote extensively on both wars and this dissertation will establish and illustrate the evolution of Borden’s war consciousness and philosophies surrounding warfare and its impact on society. Borden’s narrative focus began as intensely personal and situated in the aristocratic world, which was familiar to her, but evolved between wars and had opened up and shifted in a more political direction by the end of World War II. In order to prove this and explore how the wars affected Borden’s writing, the dissertation will strive to answer the following questions: To what extent did Borden’s novels reflect the events of the two war eras How did Mary Borden valuate the aristocracy and why In what way was her opinion of the aristocracy influenced by the wars and her contemporary era as a whole What kinds of themes are adopted in the novels depending on whether they are pre-, during or post-war period and how much do they differ To what extent do Borden’s themes reflect the transitions in society and the changing roles of men and women that resulted from the two wars1.2. Proposed StructureThe proposed dissertation will be structured in five chapters set out around the following topics: Introduction – Sets out the biography of Mary Borden in broad strokes, introduces the research questions and aim set out above and explains the choice to focus on Borden’s novels and memoirs because they more directly show the influence of the war on Borden’s consciousness and is less restricted by the mandatory commentary on form that poetry elicits. Borden and World War I – Borden’s memoir will be the foundation that a discussion around her opinions of the aristocracy and its influence on the coming and effects of the war is built. Borden and World War II – Debates the new ideas introduced by Borden that were not present in her writing on the great war and uses her other memoir to again research how her life at this stage influenced the thinking in her writing. The impact of war on Borden’s literary consciousness – Establishes the reason Mary Borden should be read as a war novelist because of her evolving consciousness in her novels regarding the causes and effects of war on society. Conclusion – Mary Borden was very much a novelist shaped by the two word wars and her own heritage strongly influenced her thinking around the impact the war had on herself and society at large. By structuring the dissertation in this manner – with the writing from each war in separate chapters the clarity of the argument will benefit in that it is easier to draw upon separate sources and build comprehensive profiles of how Borden wrote about the two wars. Once such profiles have been established, the fourth chapter can use these as the foundation of empirical evidence upon which to base a coherent exploration of the evolution of Borden’s war consciousness in her writing. This chapter will provide the opportunity for the author’s analytical skillset to be proven. Literature Review2.1 Primary literatureThe two chapters on the world wars will use two of Borden’s memoirs as the foundation for arguing how Borden’s life influenced her work. The Forbidden Zone will be analysed for the chapter on World War I and Journey Down A Blind Alley will be used for World War II. Further, the chapter on WWI will centre upon three novels that present some of Borden’s central themes and a chronological scope of the war: The Romantic Woman is a story of aristocracy before the war, Sarah Defiant centres upon a love affair during the war and finally Jehova’s Day portrays England in the post-war period. Reference will also be made to Jericho Sands and A Woman With White Eyes. As Borden’s writing on war shifted in a more political direction around WWII, the analysis will not abide by a particular chronology in this chapter. The main texts are: You the Jury – setting the stage for the war and depicting it – The Hungry Leopard as a work containing Borden’s broader political and sociological points thoughts on the war era from 1937 to 54 and Margin of Error – a work concerned with colonialism and its role in the war. Other referenced works will include Catspaw and Passport for a Girl.2.2 Secondary sourcesThese will include a mixture of historical sources and literary criticism. Carol Acton’s theories set forth in Diverting the Gaze: The Unseen Text in Women’s War Writing will be used for some literary theory concerning women writing about war and the discussions on Borden’s life and memoirs will be substantially aided by Jane Conway’s – Borden’s biographer – work. Literary critics will include M. Higonnet, S. Ouditt,, F. Mort and T. Tate as they have all done substantial work concerning female writers of the war and their relationship to identity. Historical background will be works by B.A. Waites, M.L. Bush and B.W. Tuchman along with other sources yet to be identified. Methodology The approach will be independent analysis of the primary sources, using secondary sources primarily to argue against and some to support and provide background. Further sources will be identified by using Jane Conway’s the bibliographies of Conway and other sources already identified as well as web searches on databases such as JStor and Project Muse. Preliminary Bibliography4.1 Primary literatureBorden, M., 1929. The Forbidden Zone Borden, M., 1946. Journey Down A Blind Alley Borden, M., 1916. The Romantic Woman Borden, M., 1931. Sarah Defiant Borden, M., 1929. Jehova’s Day Borden, M., 1925. Jericho Sands Borden, M., 1930. A Woman With White Eyes Borden, M., 1952. You the Jury Borden, M. 1956. The Hungry Leopard Borden, M., 1954. Margin of Error Borden, M., 1950. Catspaw Borden, M., 1939. Passport for a Girl 4.2. Secondary sourcesGubar, S., Gilbert, S.M. â€Å"The Madwoman in the Attic.† New Haven: Yale University. Heilbrun, C.G., Higonnet, M.R., 1983 The Representation of women in fiction. Vol. 7. Johns Hopkins University Press. Higonnet, M.R., 1987. Behind the lines: Gender and the two world wars. New Haven: Yale University Press. MacKay, M., 2010. Modernism and World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mort, F., 2006. â€Å"Scandalous Events: Metropolitan Culture and Moral Change in Post-Second World War London.† Representations 93.1 (2006): 106-137. Ouditt, S., 1994. Fighting Forces, Writing Women: Identity and Ideology in the First World War. London: Routledge. Raitt, S., Tate, T., eds, 1997. Women’s fiction and the Great War. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Tate, T., 1998. Modernism, History and the First World War. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

New Resources Tax in AUstralia ( MRRT) and it's effects on Australian Essay

New Resources Tax in AUstralia ( MRRT) and it's effects on Australian mining companies - Essay Example The Gillard Government’s proposed resource tax gained high approval from the International Monetary Fund, quoting it as a â€Å"step in the right direction.† Moreover, the MRRT would achieve the nation’s trust for consumption-based taxes and abolish ineffective taxation (Landers 2010). Because the MRRT is liable only to mining companies of iron ore, coal, oil and gas, there will be a reduction of the figure of affected companies from the previous 2,500 taxpayers to approximately 320 (Cherrington 2010). Taxpayers with annual income of no more than $A50 million will be exempted from the MRRT (Minerals Resource Rent Tax Regime n.d.) -The proposed MRRT promises an optimistic stride for mining investments in Australia. It offers a better guarantee for up-and-coming mining ventures, particularly those in the non-production of iron ore, coal, oil and gas. -For companies in mining ventures, the determination of taxable resource and revenues will be based solely on the nearest point to extraction as possible. This change would not deter the companies from their capital cost recovery and internal return rate. -The key adjustments from RSPT to MRRT in tax rates, particularly the 40% tax reduced to 22.5% rate and the resulting beneficial impacts on the projected efficient tax rates is forecasted to boost global competitiveness (Minerals Resource Rent Tax replaces RSPT 2010). The three pioneer mining companies in Australia: BHP, Rio Tinto and Xstrata equally agreed on a non-permission of the Australian tax to implement a target that could impact their multi-national operations. Their joint apprehensions over fluctuation on international shares and financial markets, whereupon loans are made to fund their projects, strengthened their vigilance on impending tax hikes by the government (Head 2010). The government negotiated exclusively with the

Globalization & Networks or Safe Zones Assignment

Globalization & Networks or Safe Zones - Assignment Example In order to prevent the harm caused by such products, it is the responsibility of individual citizens, especially parents, to choose what is appropriate. This can be achieved by the use of filter software to block content that is deemed inappropriate. In addition, it is important to use labels that describe what is offered on certain websites. With such labels, users can set their browsers to block access to such sites or content. Finally, secure networks or safe zones can be used access specific sites, and this is particularly useful for children. It is no doubt that overfishing poses a great risk to marine life, including fish. As a fishing company, in order to address the problem of overfishing in international waters, it will be necessary to propose rules that govern how the company and its competitors fish in the waters. Three main rules can help curb this problem. First, the number of fish a single company can fish in given period needs to be limited. These limits should be based on the volumes of fish in the waters and the number of companies involved. Secondly, regulations need to cover the type of fish to be caught. For instance, fishing of species that are deemed to be in danger of extinction should be prohibited. Finally, it will be necessary to develop rules that govern the type of gear a company may use in fishing. As noted by Gaia Vince (2012), one of the causes of overfishing is the use of fishing gear that nets even the smaller fish, therefore introducing fishing gear regulations will help protect certain fish, in order to have the competitors agree to this plan, the company will propose a monitoring system that will ensure these rules are followed. For example, spot-checks could be set-up to check on the fish caught by companies. In addition, penalties should be proposed for companies that violate these rules.

Surplus value on Karl Marx Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Surplus value on Karl Marx - Essay Example This paper seeks to discuss Karl max’s definition of surplus value and how he attempted to solve the puzzle of surplus value. The paper will further discuss why Marx believed that his solution to the puzzle gave him insight into some of the general dynamics of capitalism. The Surplus Value Karl Marx argued that capitalists manage to use laborers to produce the value of a commodity but the laborers get a portion of that value. The portion of the value that gets left with capitalists is the surplus value according to Marx (Foley 100). Marx sought to establish the secret used by capitalists to convince laborers to provide their labor at a relatively lower wage than the value they create with their labor. Max got puzzled by how these capitalists manage to do so more so in a political capitalist system. These political systems seemed to champion for equal legal and civil rights to workers and capitalists. In one of his analysis to establish the source of surplus value, Marx establi shes that the cost of goods sold is the money used by a capitalist to buy commodities to start production. He further establishes sales revenue as the larger sum of money that the capitalist ends up with while the gross profit is the surplus value (Foley 100). This was according to Marx, the source of surplus value. ... When buyers pay more for a commodity than the value of the labor used to produced it, that value can be passed to the buyer, but the seller’s gain becomes the buyer’s loss. Although some economists argue that surplus value is the reward awarded to capitalists for their contribution to production, Marx argues that the magnitude of this reward is too significant to be justified. This enabled Karl Marx to address the exploitation imposed on laborers by the capitalists. Marx’s solution to the puzzle of surplus value gave him an insight into other dynamics of capitalism. One such dynamic is the exploitation capitalism imposes on the laborers. Capitalism entails that the surplus value consistently increases with time (Foley 138). In order to increase surplus value, the capitalists would be required to engage laborers more in their work. Capitalists continue to live a lavish life due to the increasing surplus value. The living standards of the laborers, on the other han d, either stagnate or decline. This, according to Marx, would create a society with a wide range between the capitalists and the laborers. The laborers would be confronted with an ever rising power of production and their diminishing control on the fruits of this production (Foley 100). This could lead consequently to laborers protesting for an increase in their wage. When the capitalists get to increase the wages of the laborers, they increase the price of the goods they produce so as to ‘cover’ for the extra wages given to laborers. Marx saw this is a circular flow which in its very essence would still exploit the laborers. Marx, however, fails to address the vital role played by the surplus value in the growth and development of a society. Capitalists use this value to reinvest in their

Taxation Law Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Taxation Law Assignment - Essay Example However, this section also puts a discretionary element into the ATO's or the Judge's determination because the expenditure has to be necessary to the actual capital gain, which brings into question the validity of the expenses that are preparatory in nature or for other purposes rather than the actual construction. The key point that this judgment made is that the determination of this and subsequent cases is in reference to all circumstances, which includes an examination of the taxpayer's purpose or intention in incurring the expenditure. If it is necessary to apportion a loss or outgoing, the appropriate apportionment will depend on the facts of each case. The method taken must be fair and reasonable as per the case of Ronipibon Tin NL v Tongkah Compound NL v FC of T [1949] (78 CLR 47). The expenditure to be deductible if it necessarily incurred for the particular income producing purpose in question, which can include limiting to an the income for just a particular year as per t he case of Fletcher v Federal Commissioner of Taxation [1991] (173 CLR 1). In this case of the vacant land that was leased in the aforementioned ATO decision the owner did not purchase the land for leasing, rather private purposes so in the original sale there was no allowable deduction. Now the owner is using the land to bring in income, therefore the owner is allowed a deduction in the tax year that is expended up to the amount of the income earned but not exceeding this. In the case of the swimming pool that BLW have built on the vacant land that they own they are sure to be allowed certain expenditures on the land as allowable deductions. The first thing to identify is that the improvement and expenditure outlaid is not for private purposes, because if it were the costs would not be deductible. As the purpose of the expenditure is to build a swimming pool for the community, which will cost to enter then it is classed as a business venture and therefore valid deductions are possible from the income of $60,000 from Mulga Council. It needs to be noted that the whole profit is counted as no GST was paid because in this dealing of the monies going to BLW from the council there was a tax exemption. In relation to the $660, 000 to the builder of the pool one has to consider whether this is deductible or as this is the contractual duty that BLW owed to Mulga to get the $600,000 then it is not a deductible cost because it is the work that needs to be complet ed to get the $60,000. Therefore under Section 8-1 of the ITAA it is not a deductible costs; however for the other costs that are mentioned they may be deductible. Also in respect to deduction and depreciation under CGT and cost bases this property fulfills the requirement, which is that the land is improved to enhance the value of the

Social group and classes history of inequality Essay

Social group and classes history of inequality - Essay Example Since many social constructs stem from such inequalities, a clear understanding of the different perspectives and theories of various philosophers associated with social inequalities is imperative to a student of sociology. This essay is an attempt in that direction. It shall explore the ideas of four modern day thinkers, viz. Karl Marx, Max Weber, W.E. B. Du Bois, W. M. Mills and F.D. Roosevelt. The essay shall compare and contrast the theories in their works, discussing the sources of inequality, social groups, the consequences of inequality, and social location of inequality in each. While Marx, has provided the broad and bigger structure of communism within which other philosophers have sculpted their own, much like the 'matrioshka', or the Russian nesting dolls (http://russian-crafts.com/nest.html), which has smaller replicas of itself, buried within it. However, there is a slight difference in that the philosophers have not made exact replicas of the Marx; they have rather focused on some individual aspects of the Marxian model, and added their own distinctive touch to it. Thus, the essay shall argue that, even though all the philosophers have all dealt with the subject of social inequality and p overty in modern capitalist societies like the US, they differ in the ways they have dealt with it. Karl Marx (1818-1883) was one of the few modern day philosophers who could come out with original analyses of social problems like poverty, and the inequalities in social classes. According to Marx, the origins of change and revolutions are all materialistic in nature, and all through the ages, one social system has always replaced the previous ones due to the inherent conflicts arising from the inequalities in the system, "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles" (Marx, CM 3). The feudal society has been replaced by the present day capitalist society or the 'bourgeois society'. The word 'bourgeoisie' stands of the 'modern capitalist' or the rich-moneyed section of the society. Capitalism, according to Marx, consists of both shared enterprise and unequal distribution of rewards. Therefore, the basic difference in the structure of economic production has changed the way we live, and gives rise to conflict. This is the source of struggle or 'conflict' - the tension, between the working class - the 'Proletariats' and the 'Bourgeoisie' (Marx, CM 3-5). While the former etched a living by selling their labor for 'wages', the latter who are the moneyed-capitalists; Marx differentiates between money and 'Capital' in his Economic Manuscripts thus "As soon as money is posited as exchange value which not merely makes itself independent of circulation (as in hoarding) but maintains itself inside it, it is no longer money, for money as such does not extend beyond the negative determination; it is capital" (Marx, EM I,14) and those who made use of such capital for their profit were 'capitalists.' Proprietors, owners of manufacturing industries exploited the former and ma de a profit from 'surpluses' of their labor. Latin American immigrants working on the orchards and construction projects in the US, being paid poor wages, without social security or insurance coverage, and their relatively rich contract companies, may be cited as a contemporary example of such exploitation. The

Compartive analysis of New Black Panther Party for Self Defense and Research Paper

Compartive analysis of New Black Panther Party for Self Defense and the White Supremacist World Church of the Creator - Research Paper Example (The Creativity Movement in 2003) Â   New Black Panther Party for Self Defense is the largest black racist militant group founded in Texas. New Black Panther Party gained supporters through media coverage of its efforts of taking on racial discrimination issues under the pretext of civil rights. The group’s demonstrations call for racial violence ruining its efforts to promote black pride. In January 2009, a suit was filed against New Black Panther Party for intimidating a voter on Election Day 2008 in Philadelphia. (New Black Panther Party for Self Defense: Ideology 2012) The ideology of World Church of the Creator is ‘Creativity’ which is a racial religion aiming for the survival and expansion of the white race. The members of World Church of the Creator call themselves ‘Creators’ who view every matter as a white man’s perspective, resulting in attacks on followers of other religions and people of other races. Its slogans are ‘A Whiter and Brighter World’ and ‘RAHOWA" (RAcial HOly WAr)’. (Robinson 2012) Creativity was founded by Ben Klassen (1918-1993). The Church of the Creator (COTC) was organized by him which was succeeded by The Creativity Movement in 1973. After Klassens suicide in 1993, the group’s activity began to decline and it started to fade out but it was resuscitated by Rev. Matthew Hale (former head of the National Socialist White Americans Party) in 1996 and named it World Church of the Creator and was its Pontifex Maximus- the highest priest. He attracted a large number of followers, ‘creators’. He passed his bar exams but has been denied a license due to his religious beliefs. (Robinson 2012) Montana has been a centre of WCOTC activity. In the early 1990s Rev Rudy Stanko moved to Billings and began selling Klassen’s books. Rev. Slim Deardorf hosted the annual convention of the WCTOC every summer. Literature has been spread across the state in order to gain followers. In spite of

Nursing Shortages Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing Shortages - Research Proposal Example Some other studies have also shown that if patient: nurse ration is more then there is a poor performance of the staff as well due to a number of factors including work load the most important one. If one staff is attending more than one patient then along with more work which is going to be obviously more exhausting for the staff that will lead to decline in the quality performance it also adds to the spread of infection. Hospital is full of contagious organism and the nursing staff mainly is the vector for the transfer of them so, if one staff is attending three patients at a time the staff will be mixing the formal flora and even pathogenic flora lying with one patient with the other one which will be leading to hospital acquired infection that are more resistant to be treated and most of the times lead to fatal results so, this way patients will have a long hospital stay with increased morbidity and a high number of patients will die. I would be working on the project to find out scientifically if patient nurse ratio really has an impact And if it is then in which setting This issues is very important because nursing staff is the primary heal care professional this is in touch with the patient most of the time so if work is carried out at this area it will be very easy to be adjusted and the outcome will be very rewarding. In order to carry this research study out we can take patients hospital stay, in patient and out patient mortality in the first month after getting discharged, patient's satisfaction will be constant variable and we will be seeing the impact of nurse: patient ration on them while nurse: patient ration is going to be kept constant. We need a number of observations like there has to be standardization of a few parameters in order to avoid different types of biases like the experience and qualifying degree of this nursing staff should be the same. The study should be carried out at one health care center at a time the patient population should be exactly or almost nearly the same age, with same co-morbid status, and same ethnic or social group ideally so in short basically patient's and nurse' factors should be normalized. Hospitals should ideally be tertiary care with some part of the study at intensive care unit as well so that the impact of this ratio can also be studied depending on the seriousness of the primary illness. We need all these observations because health care system is very intricate and these entire factors influence each other directly or indirectly through different ways. This study needs to be a cohort study ideally though it is going to be a long time consuming stuffy but the results will be more promising. Data needs to be both on in-patient and out patient basis mainly on telephone or at consulting clinics on there follow up visits. As an in patient records will be the souse of our data and as an out patient the patents their self or the next kin will be the source of data for us. There should be a written record system that

Social Penetration Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Penetration Theory - Essay Example The personality structure of individuals resemble a multilayered onion since if one peels the outer layers of the onion he or she will be capable of reaching the inner layers that are more vulnerable and important to self-image. I had a personal experience that can be best explained by the social penetration theory. I was capable of making close friends with an American girl through use of the social penetration theory. During the first days at the University, I was socially disliked by certain friends, but my lecturers persuaded me to look for other friends who we shared same values and beliefs. On the other hand, my parents persuaded me to stay only with friends who offered ‘good’ social influence. Most of the friends were heavy drinkers, cheerful and would constantly engage in games. Ironically, I do not take alcoholic beverages and it started becoming apparent that this was the reason why many friends ignored my company. However, I was capable of making close friends with an American girl who is a alcoholic drinker. The critical concepts of social penetration theory helped me understand how to form intimate relationships and share personal beliefs with fellow students. The concept of self-disclosure involves voluntary sharing of personal history, feelings, attitudes and secrets that define a person. In this case, I was able to relax these tight boundaries and approached a certain American girl so that we could become friends. I started by telling her demographic information, my country of origin, my attitudes towards studies and social lifestyle preferences. Accordingly, I went further to talk about preferences in terms of clothing, music and drinks. In this case, I mentioned to her that I do not take alcohol due to my religious convictions. Accordingly, I went further to mention that my deeply held fear was failure in my studies. The American girl was willing to listen after I taught her my preferences in terms of music and she too provided me with her biographic information, her preferences and deeply held fears. The depth of penetration explains how I managed to form close friends with the American girl despite our differences in lifestyles and religion. The depth of penetration is the degree of disclosure in a specific aspect of individual’s life and is determined by the frequency of sharing the private information. In this case, I shared my private information with her during every lesson. Accordingly, the law of reciprocity is essential in the early stages of the relationship. The law predicts that two people will attain the same level of closeness since the penetration will be rapid at the start of the relationship, but slows down as we progress to the inner layers. As I taught the American girl about my family history, she reciprocated by telling that her family lives in an expensive New York estate. She again taught me that alcohol consumption is acceptable in her family and had no fears of academic failur e since she was used to the lifestyle. Accordingly, she stressed that her societal norms encourage cheerfulness, physical exercises and sometimes having fun by taking expensive alcohol. At this point, I felt that the relationship would fade due to our differences in societal norms, but I managed to remain comfortable while sharing both positive and negative private information, beliefs and attitudes. Another concept that is central to social penetration theory

Autobiographical Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Autobiographical Writing - Essay Example They do most of the housework and men rarely do any housework, but some of the men cook for their family. At a very young age adults told me that, â€Å"girls should be quiet and well-behaved†, â€Å"boys should be strong and they should not cry†, â€Å"girls should talk softly and behave gently†, â€Å"boys should protect girls and they should support of their family when they grow up†, â€Å"girls should keep their space clean and tidy†, â€Å"boys should take responsibilities of all things† and so on. Usually, in one relationship, men and women make decisions together if they are respect each other. Sometimes they make their own decisions without consulting their partner if the issue is not very big. However, in severe situation, men always have the decision-making authority in their family. For example, when I decided to study abroad, I knew my mother would support me, but the final decision was in the hands of my father. I believe that in a relationship my girlfriend should listen to me when we have to make a choice or decide an important i ssue. However, things were not practiced the same way in the past. At the time, when my grandparents were young, wives had to be obedient to their husbands. People thought men were superior to women. Families prefer sons to daughters, and they thought if a woman could not give birth to a boy, it was all her fault. When I was very young, I asked my parents how I was born but they never responded to this query. Chinese people are more conservative than Americans and Europeans. Some people think it is disrespectful and wrong to talk about sex and women’s bodies. So I think feminist movement is very necessary and important throughout human history and it should be continued now and in the future. As the reading â€Å"The Body Through Women’s Eyes† by Joanna Frueh says, feminist artists can â€Å"show that women could become makers of meaning, as opposed to being bearers of man’s meaning† (Broude 190). It also

Quantitative easing and inflation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Quantitative easing and inflation - Essay Example In the year 1694, the bank was established and on 1st March 1946 it became nationalised (Sayers, 1976). It gained its operational significance in the year1997 and from then the bank can independently work on the implementation of monetary policies (Bank of england, 2013). From the year 1993 the bank started to publish its inflation report on a quarterly basis. It contains a detailed economic analysis with the inflation projections for the upcoming months (Tennant, 2009). By depending on this analysis, the monetary policy committee of the bank take several decisions based on the interest rate (Bank of England, 2013). Quantitative Easing is a strategy in monetary policy that has been adopted by several governments and central banks to ease the effect of inflation. It helps to increase the money supply by purchasing securities from government or other securities from the market (Fukasawa, 2000, p.65). As the financial institutions got flooded with capital it helps to increase the money supply which will subsequently promote to increase the lending and liquidity. Quantitative easing is used by the central banks when the interest rates have already been minimized to near 0% levels and unable to produce the desired effect (Kimura & Small, 2004, p.45). In the following research the researcher will try to understand how the â€Å"Bank of England† is trying to minimise the inflation rate and if the Quantitative Easing program will cause higher inflation in future or not (Rochon & Rochon, 2012, p.69). Policy adopted by the Bank of England to minimise the inflation rate In the month of March of the year 2013 the inflation rate of United Kingdom has been rated as 2.80. For the purpose of national statistics inflation rate has been reported to the UK office. From the past history it has been found that from the year 1989 until 2013 the average inflation rate of United Kingdom is 2.81%. In the year 1991 it has its highest point at 8.50 and the lowest was in the year 2 000 rated 0.50 percentile. In this country the most important categories in the consumer price index are transport and housing, followed by water, electricity, gas and other fuels. The following chart shows the previous inflation rate in a bar chart format- The consumer price index grew by 2.8% in the current year. In spite of the large increase and decreases the CPI remain broadly flat. The central bank of UK introduced a monetary policy balloon which helps to set the interest rate to control the inflation. One needs to keep the balloon flying at a steady height of 200 meters. It is like the same as the bank’s monetary policy committee tries to make the inflation steady at 2%. The main objective of the bank’s monetary policy is to bring stability in the price, lower the inflation rate by supporting the objectives of the government for growth of the economy as well as employment. The targeted inflation rate is 2%. In the budget statement each year the Chancellor of the Exchequer announces the targeted inflation rate. The bank can change the interest rate; however in an extreme condition the government also can ask the central bank to change the inflation rate for a certain period. Depending on the consumer price index the inflation rate

IT Wirless Technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

IT Wirless Technologies - Essay Example Power received (d = 8km) is 10 times greater than power received (d = 25km) (v) Solution: No. of UWB devices in city = 2 * 1 million No. of UWB devices in town 2 * 6000 = 166.67 No. of UWB devices in city is 167 times greater than that in the town b) (i) Solution: From Tables 3 and 4 it is seen observed that, the maximum tolerable power density radiated by the UWB devices is higher in town compared to that in the city. That is, at the same percentage of activity, the maximum tolerable interference limit is lower in the city when compared to the town. This implies that, city is the greater source of interference and thus has tighter restrictions. (ii) Solution: Yes, the answer to part b) (i) is consistent to that of the answers in part a) (iv) and (v). Because, from part a) we know that the number of UWB devices in the city are 167 times greater to those in the town. Which implies the interference by 1 % of the devices in city will much greater than the interference by 1% of the devices in the town. Also as the city covers wider area, the signal that has to travel through the interference for a longer distance (in the city) will have greater path loss and hence lower power received. (iii) Solution: Four factors that might effect the accuracy of the prediction of UWB interference are, 1) If the UWB transmitters are installed outdoors 2) If the UWB devices are all "ON" at the same time. 3) If the UWB devices are distributed in clusters ad not randomly. 4) If the UWB devices are operated in a pre-designed manner and not at random times. (iv) Solution: If UWB devices transmitting at -41.3 dBm/MHz over the...Which implies the interference by 1 % of the devices in city will much greater than the interference by 1% of the devices in the town. Also as the city covers wider area, the signal that has to travel through the interference for a longer distance Detect and Avoid technique can be used only for those RAS signals whose frequencies do not fall into the frequency band of the UWB devices. The minimum power (of the RAS signal) that can be detected by the detectors to avoid the RAS signal also matters. Streaming Video means to continuously receive and display video to the end user while it is being transmitted by the source. This means that streaming video requires higher bandwidth and faster data rate. 802.11n is used for streaming video around the home as it offers a higher Bandwidth and highly reliable connection that can reach throughout the home and is compatible with various network configurations that might be used at home. Base Station is a transmitter that operates within a given frequency channel and antenna sector and is responsible for transmitting data to the subscriber station and is equipped to control the subscriber station. Base Station can transmit data independent of other stations, but will depend on the channel if it is a TDD channel. Subscriber Station is a transceiver that receives data from the base station and can also send requests to base s

Women and society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Women and society - Assignment Example In Perspectives of Native American Women on Race and Gender, I believe that there is a huge need to educate the public on the history of the Black women (Kirk & Okazawa-Rey 101-113). It is evident that the Black women were not favored by their culture and past; thus, placing them at a lower rank than the White women. I am also of the opinion that with exposure and enlightenment the Native American will present double development. It is also evident gender bias has simply been derived from societal perceptions that do not have any valid reasons. In A Question of Class, I concur with the author that lots of people of a similar class often share their sentiments (Kirk & Okazawa-Rey 123-130). The poor are ashamed of their life and will stick to similar persons such as Dorothy did in her childhood (Kirk & Okazawa-Rey 123-4). I also agree that most people make endless attempts to shift from their lifestyles to others. This explains why the poor are ashamed of their lives and will even attempt to escape their real lifestyles. Some even assume their current statuses to avoid having a real glimpse of their real

ELT1 Task 10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ELT1 Task 10 - Essay Example The assessment tools define the desired outcomes, measure achievement of outcomes, and use the results to improve performance. The tools state its role within an institutions overall mission. It then identifies the outcomes that it needs to meet and evaluates whether the outcomes are achieved. These tools define the technique that will assess if the criteria are met. The tool analyses and evaluates the data collected by specific method. Assessment tool creates and put into action improvement plans about the information gathered to assess the outcome. The tools also outline the effect its improvements have achieved in the quality of their goal. A tool such as running record and Rubric documents the outcome assessment. Therefore, assessment tools work best when attention is on outcomes as well as experiences that result in those outcomes. Therefore, the assessment tools are appropriate for providing outcome data. Informal Reading Inventory (IRI) is an appropriate assessment tool for monitoring progress, diagnosing reading skills of students and providing outcome data. This is because IRI assists in determining the reading weaknesses and strength of a student. Also, IRI enable teachers to know whether their students can read the texts in class or if the students require assistance or additional monitoring. Additionally, IRI helps the teacher to identify students struggling with decoding and comprehension with certain text materials. The IRI assessment tool will be better used by an individual student and in group assessment. This is because it builds teamwork among the students in class by using other tools of assessment. The retelling assessment tool is appropriate because it demonstrates what the student remembers and comprehends about any story. It reveals what the student sees as crucial about a story. Retelling also helps in indicating what the student knows about the literary language a nd structure of a text. Consequently,

Computer Security Risk for Home Users Essay Example for Free

Computer Security Risk for Home Users Essay This history of computers started long before it emerges in the 20th century. Computer was a man made device that acts as string from mechanical inventions and mathematical theories towards the modern concepts and machines formed a major academic ground and the basis that became a worldwide phenomenon. It is true that any great invention that is created to solve human lives will always have its negative side that will serve as a prey to embellish and cause catastrophic impact in a perfect device. As computer became to replace human brains, business partners, our media devices, our financial advisors, connection to the world and computer has also became our number one security threat. According to the class textbook, â€Å"A computer security risk is any event or action that could cause a loss of damage to computer hardware, software, data, information, or processing capability.† (Vermaat, 2010) Some of these security risks have caused users millions of dollars due to identity theft and at the same time computer has helped law enforcement agent captured convicted felons. Computer Security risk can be classified into two main categories which are computer crimes and cybercrimes. Computer crime involves knowingly interfering with computer security which involves a deliberate act against the law and cyber crime is defined as â€Å"Traditionally, crime has been defined as an intentional violation of the legal code that is punishable by the state†. (Vermaat, 2010) Cybercrime has become a serious crime and the FBI as include this into their top three priorities. The perpetrator of cybercrime and computer crimes has fall into seven basic categories which are hacker, cracker, Script Kiddie, corporate spy, unethical employee, cyber extortionist, and cyber terrorist. Home users are mostly exposed to security threats today because they do not have the financial means to protect themselves and also home users think their level of vulnerability is small. â€Å"While the risks to standard home computer users are not as catastrophic in cost as those of small businesses and home office computer users, they are still substantial enough to not ignore. The cost in lost data, missed emails, and possibly the theft of your identity all are significant enough to warrant consideration.† (EITS, 2008) It is better to spend few dollars now to take proactive measures to protect your computer and its information will out weight the time it will take to recover from the losses you likely will suffer without an adequate protection. There are several typical technical issues and risks involving computer networks and computer users. One of which is a commonly used term called computer â€Å"virus†. A computer virus is potentially negative and damaging computer programs that affects or infect a computer negatively by altering the way the computer works without the user’s knowledge or permission. Once the virus infects the computer, it can spread throughout the computer and damage important programs and folders in the operating system. Another computer threat for home users is a â€Å"worm†. The book defines a worm as a â€Å"program that copies itself repeatedly, for example in memory of on the network, using up resources and possibly shutting down the computer or network†. The third computer threat for home users is a â€Å"Trojan horse† this type of attack is derived and named after the Greek myth and its define as â€Å"a program that hides within or look like a legitimate program. A certain condition or action usually triggers the Trojan horse. Unlike a virus or worm, Trojan horse does not replicate itself to other computers.† (Vermaat, 2010) The last known computer or network risk for home users is â€Å"rootkit† define as â€Å"a program that hides in a computer and allows someone from a remote location to take full control of the computer. Once the rootkit is installed author can execute programs, change setting, monitor activity and access files on the remote computer†. (Vermaat, 2010) How to safeguard against Computer viruses and other Malware: Home users can take several precautions to help prevent intruders into their personal home computers and mobile devices from malicious infections. These programs can help detect problem that might affect home computers before they occur. Install a quality antivirus application such as, AVG, McAfee, Norton, and Avira antivirus programs are sufficient enough to protect a computer against virus and spyware infections. Some of these antivirus programs are provided for free, however may not be sufficient enough to protect a computer from virus and spyware infections â€Å"Pro-grade antivirus programs update more frequently throughout the day thereby providing timely protection against fast-emerging vulnerabilities, protect against a wider range of threats such as rootkits, and enable additional protective features such as custom scans.† Install real-time anti-spyware protection is a way to have a real time program on a computer that will help protect against the skyrocketing number of spyware threats on a timely manner. Free antivirus program do not provide a real-time protection against Trojan and other spyware and that is why a fully paid antivirus protection is recommended. This fully paid program can detect problems before it occurs. Keeping anti-malware applications current is another way to protect a computer against viruses or malware. â€Å"Antivirus and anti-spyware programs require regular signature and database updates. Without these critical updates, anti-malware programs are unable to protect PCs from the latest threats. In early 2009, antivirus provider AVG released statistics revealing that a lot of serious computer threats are secretive and fast-moving. Many of these infections are short-lived, but they’re estimated to infect as many as 100,000 to 300,000 new Web sites a day. Computer users must keep their antivirus and anti-spyware applications up to date. All Windows users must take measures to prevent license expiration, thereby ensuring that their anti-malware programs stay current and continue providing protection against the most recent threats. Those threats now spread with alarming speed, thanks to the popularity of such social media sites as Twitter, Facebook, and My Space† (Eckel, 2009) Once an antivirus has been installed on a device it is crucial to perform a daily scans. This can be programmed directly by the owner to either perform a scan on a hourly bases, daily or monthly bases. â€Å"The sheer number and volume of potential and new threats make it inevitable that particularly inventive infections will outsmart security software. In other cases, users may inadvertently instruct anti-malware software to allow a virus or spyware program to run.† (Eckel, 2009) Don’t click on email links or attachments it’s a tune most every Windows user has heard repeatedly: If an email link looks fishy, most likely it is, don’t click it. Antivirus software will trigger a warning sign if a link appears to be dangerous to a computer system. Sometimes a â€Å"distracted, trustful of friends or colleagues they know, or simply fooled by a crafty email message, many users forget to be wary of links and attachments included within email messages, regardless of the source. Simply clicking on an email link or attachment can, within minutes, corrupt Windows, infect other machines, and destroy critical data. Users should never click on email attachments without at least first scanning them for viruses using a business-class anti-malware application. As for clicking on links, users should access Web sites by opening a browser and manually navigating to the sites in question.† (Eckel, 2009) The quote that says â€Å"protection is better than cure† makes perfect sense even in the computer work. The only way to protect a computer is by playing it safe. Invest a little after a purchase of a PC by buying a powerful antivirus protection to protect the PC from intruders. It is also very important to be very watchful of the type of programs you download or upload into the system. One of the advantages of having that extra protection for a PC is the auto scan option that’s offered by the antivirus program. The software will automatically scan all the files or virus that might cause a negative impact on the computer. Bibliography Eckel, E. (2009, June 19). 10 ways to avoid viruses and spyware. Retrieved November 6, 2012, from A ZDNet Web Site: www.techrepublic.com EITS. (2008). Retrieved November 6, 2012, from entsols: www.entsols.com Finnie, T., Petee, T., Javis, J. (2010, September 22). Future Challenges of Cybercrime. Volume 5: Proceedings of the Futures Working Group , pp. 5-7. Vermaat, G. B. (2010). Discovering Computers Microsoft Office 2010. Boston: Course Technology Cengage Brain.

The Key to Success Essay Example for Free

The Key to Success Essay Everyone wants to be a success in life. Whether it’s as simple as wining a soccer game or as big as ending up in the Genius World Book, many have goals that most people want to succeed in. In order to succeed, however, there are many traits that could be beneficial to have. Some basic factors that can lead to success are having a positive attitude and being responsible. The main key to success would be to have a positive mind set. Success will take a lot of time and effort and life just reminds humanity to keep on training. Every failure is a closer step to success. Giving up on something won’t help with gaining success or reaching the ultimate goal. For example, if a player wants to score a goal during one of the games and misses the first couple of times, thinking that it won’t be possible won’t get anyone anywhere. Everyone should always believe that anything can happen. It is very important to fuel the mind with positive energy. With positive energy fuel, anyone is capable of accomplishing things that others would have thought to be impossible. Success will come eventually, along with the right actions. Being responsible is another important aspect to being successful. If something is hard, speak up and ask for help because sitting around won’t help. Education and doing well in school will help teens get a better chance at being successful. For instance, doing homework on time is a responsibility that will lead to success at school. A failure to do so will result in a poor grade, which will then affect the overall grade at the end. Managing time efficiently is also crucial in order to gain success. If a certain task is given to do at work and there are other things to complete at the same time, one must try to work around and find time to finish all. This will also increase someone’s chance at success. If an employee is unable to finish the task, there are consequences from the boss. 100 percent responsibility and effort is needed in order to be on the road to success. Having a positive attitude plus the right actions will definitely help in the long run to becoming a success. It’s the little things like these that get people on the right track. Success doesn’t come without difficulty. There is a lot more to it and it will take some time, but thinking positively that anything is possible and being responsible will help get the task done.

Dual Route Model in Adult Reading

Dual Route Model in Adult Reading Introduction Dual route model is the study that defines the changes in the mode of interpreting printed words to sound. Therefore dual route model is associated with the study of reading and spelling and the various assumptions that arise out of the investigation. These assumptions highlight the fact that the processing of the written language is always accomplished by two separate methods called the lexical and non-lexical routes. These two methods are interactive in nature. Reading and spelling in the lexical method always depends on the creation of word specific orthographic and phonological memory representation. All the current models of word recognition are based on either the dual route models or connectionist theories. The way a word recognition model accounts for different types of reading behaviours, is the word of success of every model. The dual model theory has withstood most of the tests associated with reading behaviours. However some psychologists do not agree with this theory, instead they suggest a combination of dual as well as other models for deriving positive results in the field of reading behaviours. A number of psychologists have researched in this field and published their results. Prominent among them is the study reports of Coltheart and Bates, who have demonstrated that an equation derived from dual-route theory accurately predicts reading performance in young normal readers with reading impairment due to developmental dyslexia or stroke. Studies conducted by John Marshal also have much significance. Marshal concentrated on the fact that the method of skilled reading can be used, particularly the dual route model, for interpreting acquired dyslexia as well as developmental dyslexia. The basic concept of the dual model explains that non words and irregular words are two independent routes that lead from the written word to the noise. There is also the direct access route which is also known as the lexical route. This route deals with the pronunciation of irregular words. In this method reading is always continued through the lexicon for the purpose of pronouncing words correctly. Then there is the Grapheme phoneme conversion route which is also called the sub lexical route. In this route reading is continued without accessing the lexicon. All regular words and irregular words should be read from the lexicon, this is the suggestion given by the dual route model. A strong judgement in this regard is that the steadiness of the word always effects the periods it takes to name it. Moreover there is also a relation with its rate of recurrence. Low recurring words are more affected than high recurring words. Some words having the same frequency are not made similar, particularly inconsistent words. Moreover regular words are sometimes pronounced irregularly. According to experts a simple dual route model cannot explain all these outcomes. A dual route model can be used for the prediction of real words though the lexican route. However we can see that steadiness, rate of recurrence and uniformity effects reaction times. The suggestion that non words are read by the GPC route is not correct. Strong findings suggest that non words processing s are affected by the lexicon. Previous normal reading process of a person is affected by the impact of acquired dyslexia the affected person will suffer some kind of a shock in the left side of his brain. In this case the dual route model predicts a double disassociation. With respect to surface dyslexia, a person makes over regularisation mistakes for irregular words. The person can read words and non words if they are regular. The person will not show any case of image ability. This is due to the fact that the route remains undamaged. Another type of dyslexia which is commonly found is the Phonological dyslexia. In this situation, patients are poor to read non words. Moreover real words are easily read. Experts suggest that, here the GPC route may be damaged and the lexical route is undamaged. It is often argued that the Phonological dyslexia and the surface dyslexia are separate. They do not associate themselves. Therefore the dual route model is supported. But in other types of dyslexia the situation can be more complicated. Another type of dyslexia is the deep dyslexia. This type is characterised by poor reading of non words, semantic reading mistakes for real words, and problems associated with the GPC route. Moreover the patients under this category have an injury to a system which usually allows them to read through a semantic system. This type of dyslexia cannot be regarded as a syndrome. But in some circumstances it has to be regarded because evidences support it. Another point of argument about this type of dyslexia is that it may be a result of reading using the right hemisphere of the brain. There are assumptions that this type of dyslexia is a syndrome which is caused by a wound in the left hemisphere. If that is correct then the conclusion should be that reading is possible through semantic system in such a way that the dual route model cannot be taken into account. According to psychologist Knight R.A from his journal article titled, Language, history and use, there are alternatives to the dual route model also. They are the three routes model, Analogy theories and the Connectionist models. In the three route model, the lexical route is split into GPC route, the route through lexicon and the route direct from the lexicon. Analogy theories are single route theories. a major drawback of this theory is that it is sometimes unpredictable regarding the pronunciation of non words. The connectionist models are single route theories where there is no storage for individual words. The drawback of this model is that it also fails to predict the pronunciation of non words (Knight, Language History and Use). The dual route model has become a standard model for both normal as well as abnormal reading of adults. There is very strong evidence that there is twofold disassociation of phonological and surface dyslexia in the dual route model. The dual route model had assumptions that the conversion of grapheme-phoneme depends on a theoretical set of rules which is similar to the plans in a logical system. Other models of normal and abnormal reading development were developed on the basis of the dual route model of mature reading. The dual route theory is a very comprehensive theory. It explains both normal and abnormal adult reading and as well as normal and abnormal reading development (Pennington, 2002, p.292). In the semantic system, spoken as well as written words always turn on mechanically the matching theoretical representations. All familiar words used whether they are customary or non customary can be processed through the lexical route. This is possible in terms of their letter indicated by sound relationships. However the non lexical route makes use of the sub word level process which is based on the sound- spelling association rules success of non lexical route always depends on non words and regular words that is always associated with the English phoneme grapheme conversion laws but when there is irregular words which does not obey these set of rules, it fails to produce a correct response. All the efforts undertaken to read or write through non lexical method can result in regularization mistakes. Studies by psychologists Rapcsak, Henry and others revealed that dual route model contains purposeful mechanisms that are exclusive to both the lexical and the non lexical routes but no one can say that the two procedures are totally independent. Dual route theory always maintains that lexical route will help in delivering a true response for irregular words. The non lexical route is essential for the reading and spelling of non words correctly. For the interpretation of the written language of persons having acquired alexia / agraphia, dual route models have provided a powerful hypothetical structure. It is possible to identify the damaged cognitive module of neurological patients by specifying the practical architecture of the written language processing system. For example, the destruction that is caused to the lexical route will give rise to surface dyslexia distinguished by disproportionate complexity in reading and spelling irregular words. However damage to the non lexical route will result in phonological dyslexia, distinguished by very poor reading and spelling of non words. Apart from all these applications, dual route theory can also be used for producing quantitative predictions related to reading and spelling. It is possible to predict the accuracy of a persons and the performance on irregular words as well as non words. The basic concept of dual route models is that using lexical method irregular words can only be read correctly whereas by using non lexical strategy non words can be read correctly. The capability of lexical and non lexical routes are proved when a person will be able read accurately proportions of irregular words. According to dual route theory, both the lexical and non lexical route can process regular words and therefore the accuracy of reading can be predicted (Rapcsak, Henry, Teague, Carnahan Beeson. 2007. p.2519-2524) A study conducted by John marshal, another renowned psychologist in the year 1984 clearly emphasised that the fact that the method of skilled reading can be used, particularly the dual route model, for interpreting acquired dyslexia as well as developmental dyslexia. This claim became controversial and many other researchers argued that the dual model is quite in appropriate in the way to understand development in reading and developmental disorders in reading. However further research in this area by psychologists Castles, Bates Coltheart revealed that John Marshals claim was true (Castles, Bates Coltheart. 2006. pp. 871-892 (22)). Many researches have been undertaken for checking the effectiveness of dual route model. The dual route cognitive models of reading assume that the lexical and sub lexical routes are functionally different processes. Researchers Joubert, Beauregard and others have tested this hypothesis by using three experimental conditions. One of them was lexical and the other two were sub lexical. Frequent words represented the lexical condition whereas in the first sub lexical condition was represented by non words made of low frequency sub lexical units. These words did not resemble real words. Rare and regular words consist of the second condition. Comparisons were made between these reading tasks with a baseline condition which consisted of consonant string viewing. Moreover silent pronunciation of one or two of these consonants was also done along with this process. By analysing the results of this experiment it was found that the lexical condition which consisted of regular words generates many different peaks of activations in the border area of the left super marginal region. Whereas the other two sub lexical tasks were engaged always in the area of the left prefrontal inferior cortex (Joubert, Beauregard, Walter, Bourgouin, Beaudoin, Leroux, et al. 2004. p. 9-20). Renowned psychologists Hanley and Gard advocated that developmental surface dyslexia appears in adults. They took reading and spelling tests on two adult students and the results varied. Both these adults were affected significantly by spelling regularity. The psychologists arrived at the conclusion that the irregular words are harder to study that difficult ones, therefore a person is forced on to depend on lexical strategy during the course of reading (Funnel. 2000. P.138). The dual route models have always come under attack in recent years the theories framed by dual route experts are not always effective in adults. Most of the criticisms in the dual route model have come in the field of adult readings. As a result of criticisms levelled against dual route models, connectionists models were developed (Treiman. 1993. p.34) Studies made on languages which were opaque suggested that the lexical and non lexical processing consists of independent routes. Where as in the case of transparent languages, there is no strong evidence for independent routes. The dual route in transparent languages like in opaque languages has created an arena for discussion. By studying the neurologically damaged patients who are unable to read unknown words or non words, the existence of these routes can be seen clearly (Plasencia, Dorado Serrano. 2008. p. 48 -54). According to a study conducted by two well known psychologists, Castles and Coltheart, process deficit models of disability became popular due to the developmental problems associated with reading disability associated with brain damages. The reasons for the popularity of the process models is because of the simplicity of its framework moreover the approach of a process deficit model gives a basis for a logic of instructions stuck by the strength and weakness of the readers. But unfortunately many researches have failed to provide evidences that support process models. The fact stated in the process model that disabled readers can be categorized into distinct types and the diagnosing task of distinguishing disabled readers from the poor readers has no supportive evidence (New Directions in Research, 2006). In another experiment by Bertelson, two hypotheses were tested with relation to the development of access towards lexical meaning. They were initial indirect access and initial direct access. Conclusive proof relating to the testing pointed out that these hypotheses were not strongly supported. And it also recommended that the direct and indirect access could be used for early reading. The involvement of these procedures always changed during its course of development. The previous assumption about standard dual model was that both accesses assumed the basic theoretical tests, went wrong. Based on evidence derived from these tests, the standard dual route model was always criticised. Instead of the standard dual model, a single model was found suitable (Bertelson, 1987. p.113). The dual route cascaded model is a computational model related to visual word recognition and loud reading. It is the only computational model that is used to perform the two tasks i.e., lexical reading and aloud reading. The DRC model has its own limitations. A common claim attributed to this model is that it can explain everything. But this claim becomes false as far as the case of reading aloud and visual lexical decision is concerned. With various paradigms that are masked, facts suggest that phonological properties of very temporarily presented stimuli can influence performance in reading aloud and lexical decision tasks. The dual route cascading model or the DRC model is used for pronunciation computing from print through lexical and non lexical procedures. Non words cannot be read correctly under the lexical procedure because they are not present in the lexicons. (World Recognition Process in Reading. 2005). Many studies have been undertaken to prove the effectiveness of the dual models. In one study done by psychologists Basso, Burgio and Prandoni, of the neurological clinic, Milan University, a group consisting of 21 people were selected having specific disorders and treated with a dual route model. Another group consisting of 23 persons were treated with methods using single route models. By comparing the treated patients from both the groups, it was found that the first group treated with the dual method showed significant improvement than the second group in many areas. But the benefits received from reading of isolated words, homophones etc did not improve the reading of passages. This suggested that treatments using dual models should include exercises containing passages or sentences (Tressoldi. 2000). In another test, persons who did not have previous knowledge about French were asked to learn 12 French words. After getting their representations, they were given pictures and were asked to write the baseline. This experiment was repeated for three times. After 10 minutes these pictures were presented again and were asked to write words. After a week, these participants were again requested to do the same exercise. The results showed significant difference. The out come was that when irregular orthographic representations are acquired, it is supported by knowledge of orthographic representations (BASSO, BURGIO, PRANDONI. 1999.p.405-412). Arguments against dual route model theories. Connectionist modelling techniques have spawned the debate between single and dual route accounts of the cognitive process. The necessity of dual route processing accounts in the psychology of the language has been questioned by connectionists models. Some psychologists have also suggested that a single route model is enough for the learning of past tense formations and idiosyncratic formations which are rule based. It is also sufficient to learn rule based method of pronunciations and idiosyncratic pronunciations. Basically there are two types of criticisms that are levelled against the dual route models. The first one is that morphology is the rule which directs association of the bilinguals lexical representations. It is argued that morphology can alone produce clear effects of independence in a sole undifferentiated structure. The second criticisms said about the dual model are that the word recognition in one language may be assisted if it is similar to a word in another language. Connectionist modelling techniques have spawned the debate between single and dual route accounts of the cognitive process. The necessity of dual route processing accounts in the psychology of the language has been questioned by connectionists models. Some psychologists have also suggested that a single route model is enough for the learning of past tense formations and idiosyncratic formations which are rule based is also sufficient to learn rule based method of pronunciations and idiosyncratic pronunciations. There are also other types of criticisms that are levelled against the dual route models. The first one is that morphology is the rule which directs association of the bilinguals lexical representations. It is argued that morphology can alone produce clear effects of independence in a sole undifferentiated structure. The second criticism said about the dual model is that when motivations show some kind of resemblance between two languages, the necessity of word recognition arises. Moreover cross language meddling is found even though there is clear proof for independence of lexical presentations (Thomas, Bilingualism and the Single route). Conclusions Connectionists theories have originated as a result of the debate between single and dual route models in the area of language processing. The debate between single route and dual route has often arisen when the necessity of postulation of a rule based processing mechanism that would motivate aspects of cognition. The fundamental problem here is that all rules have exceptions and all processors based on rules should have an exception mechanism to accompany it. The other side of this debate between dual and single model is that whether there is necessity to postulate one or two realistic processing mechanisms to motivate a given cognitive ability. Dual routes are not effective in all areas, particularly in the field of bilingual word recognition. To those areas where dual theories are insignificant, it is wise to work with connectionists models which are regarded as an exiting prospect. Single route models when compared with dual route models should overcome many hurdles to get accepted. However they can be used in situations where dual route models fail to produce results. The single route models always characterise stimulus response compatibility effects to the difficulty of transaction from stimulus to response whereas dual route models suggest that compatibility effects reveal in part an extra direct or routine creation route. In consistency is one of the major drawbacks suffered by these models. Form the outcomes of studies undertaken; it is evident that the DRC model can stimulate the reading aloud task as well as the lexical decision task. The stimulation given by the DRC model to these tasks cannot be matched by any other models. Therefore the DRC model is regarded as the most successful computational model discovered so far in the field of reading behaviors. Nowadays word recognition models are constructed on the basis of dual route as well as connectionist models. Dual route has its own advantages and limitations in adult reading. In cases where dual method is not effective, connectionists models can be used. Or a combined format can be used. Combination of these two models will always give satisfactory results in word reading. (Shinoda. 2005). References BASSO, A. , BURGIO, F. PRANDONI, P. 1999. Acquisition of output irregular orthographic representations in normal adults: An experimental study. Retrieved from http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=0B6AC8EC3378DCD2C42DFE0963CBF5B3.tomcat1?fromPage=onlineaid=49571 on August 23, 2008. Bertelson, P. 1987. The Onset of Literacy. Cambridge: MIT Press. Castles, A.,Bates, T., Coltheart, M. 2006. John Marshall and the developmental dyslexias. Aphasiology, Volume 20, Numbers 9-11, -11 pp. 871-892(22). Retrieved from http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/psych/paph/2006/00000020/F0030009/art00004;jsessionid=kldvo0vfe03v.alice?format=print on August 22, 2008. Funnel, E. 2000. Case Studies in the Neuropsychology of Reading. London: Psychology Press. Joubert, S., Beauregard, M., Walter, N., Bourgouin, P., Beaudoin, G., Leroux, J.M. et al. 2004. Brain and Language . Vol. 89 9-20. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com Knight R.A. Language History and Use Psycholinguistics. Retrieved from http://www.rachaelanne.co.uk/teaching/psych/reading_03_HO.doc on August 22, 2008. New Directions in Research. A Transactional Perspective on Reading Difficulties and Response to Intervention. 2006. Retrieved from http://www.reading.org/Library/Retrieve.cfm?D=10.1598/RRQ.41.1.7F=RRQ-41-1-McEneaney_2.html on August 23, 2008. Pennington, B.F. 2002.The Development of Psychopathology. New York. Guliford Press. Plasencia, P.M., Dorado, J.I. Serrano, J.M. 2008. Evidence for Linguistic Deficit in Nonlexical Processing in Reading. A Study of a Spanish-Speaking Patient. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, Vol.11, No.1, 48 -54. Retrieved from http://www.ucm.es/info/Psi/docs/journal/v11_n1_2008/art48.pdf on August 23, 2008. Rapcsak S.Z, Henry M.L, Teague,S.L., Carnahan,S.D. Beeson,P.M. June 18, 2007. Do Dual- Route Models Accurately Predict Reading and Spelling Performance in Individuals with Acquired Alexia and Agraphia? Neuropsychologia Vol. 45(11): 2519-2524. Retrieved from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1988783 on August 21, 2008. Shinoda, K.2005. Speaker adaptation techniques for speech recognition using probabilistic models. Retrieved from http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/110546421/abstract on August 23, 2008. Thomas, M.S.C. Bilingualism and the Single route / Dual route debate. Retrieved from http://www.psyc.bbk.ac.uk/people/academic/thomas_m/Thomas_Cogsci98.doc on August 22, 2008. Treiman, R. 1993. Beginning to Spell. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press, US Tressoldi, P.E. 2000. Treatment of Specific Developmental Reading Disorders, Derived from Single- and Dual-Route Models. Retrieved from http://ldx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/33/3/278 on August 23, 2008. World Recognition Process in Reading. 2005. Retrieved from http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Content_store/Sample_chapter/9781405114882/Snowling_sample_chapter1.pdf on August 23, 2008.